1. https://www.worldobesity.org/resources/resource-library/world-obesity-atlas-653, 2022 (accessed on 5 January 2024).
2.
World Health Organization Home Page. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity- and-overweight (accessed on 5 January 2024).
3.
Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R (2021): Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 3: C375-C391.
4.
Powell-Wiley MT, Poirier P, Burke EL, et al. (2021): Obesity and cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 21: e984-e1010.
5.
Kresta J, Byrd M, Oliver JM, et al. (2020): Effects of energy and macronutrient cycling on weight loss, body composition, and markers of health in obese women participating in a resistance-based exercise program. Med Res Arch 8: 10.18103/mra.v8i6.2125.
6.
Casas R, Urpi-Sardà M, Sacanella E, Arranz S, et al. (2017): Anti-inflammatory effects of the mediterranean diet in the early and late stages of atheroma plaque development. Mediators Inflamm 2017: 3674390.
7.
Kyle UG, Bosaeus I, De Lorenzo AD, et al. (2004): Bioelectrical impedance analysis – part I: Review of principles and methods. Clin Nutr 23: 1226-1243.
8.
Qin ES, Bowen MJ, James SL, Chen WF (2020): Multi-segment bioimpedance can assess patients with bilateral lymphedema. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 73: 328-336.
9.
Yi Y, Baek JY, Lee E, et al. (2022): A comparative study of high-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for estimating body composition. Life 12: 994.
10.
Wadolowska L (2005): Validation of food frequency questionnaire [FFQ]. Reproducibility assessment. Bromatol Chem Toksykol 38: 23-33.
11.
Krupa-Kozak U, Drabińska N, Jarocka-Cyrta E (2017): The effect of oligofructose-enriched inulin supplementation on gut microbiota, nutritional status and gastrointestinal symptoms in paediatric coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 16: 47.
12.
Stachowska E, Ryterska K, Maciejewska D, et al. (2016): Nutritional strategies for the individualized treatment of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on the nutrient- induced insulin output ratio (NIOR). Int J Mol Sci 17: 1192.
13.
Ahmed S, Rahman T, Ripon MSH, et al. (2021): A food frequency questionnaire for hemodialysis patients in Bangladesh (BDHD-FFQ): Development and validation. Nutrients 13: 4521.
14.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity (accessed on 5 January 2024).
15.
Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Masuda K, Kishimoto T (2016): Regulation of IL-6 in immunity and diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 941: 79-88.
16.
Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim M, et al. (2020): Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Med 8: 2050312120965752.
17.
De Caterina R, Basta G, Lazzerini G, et al. (1997): Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as a biohumoral correlate of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Tromb Vasc Biol 11: 2646-2654.
18.
Ramji DP, Davies TS (2015): Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 6: 673-685.
19.
Said EA, Al-Reesi I, Al-Shizawi N, et al. (2021): Defining IL-6 levels in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol 6: 3915-3924.
20.
Ling Y, Weng H, Tang S (2021): The relationship between IL-6 levels and the angiographic severity of coronary artery disease following percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 1: 578.
21.
Liu C, Yang X, Chen C (2020): Association between plasma adipocytokines levels and intracranial versus extracranial ather-osclerotic among chinese patients with stroke. Iran J Public Health 4: 645-653.
22.
Boshuizen MC, de Winther MP (2015): Interferons as essential modulators of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35: 1579-1588.
23.
Ranjbaran H, Sokol SI, Gallo A, et al. (2007): An inflammatory pathway of IFN-γ production in coronary atherosclerosis. J Immunol 1: 592-604.
24.
Bendall CL, Mayr HL, Opie RS, et al. (2018): Central obesity and the Mediterranean diet: A systematic review of intervention trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 18: 3070-3084.
25.
Rejeski K, Cordas Dos Santos DM, Parker NH, et al. (2023): Influence of adipose tissue distribution, sarcopenia, and nutritional status on clinical outcomes after CD19 CAR T-cell therapy. Cancer Immunol Res 11: 707-719.
26.
Stevens J, Katz EG, Huxley RR (2010): Associations between gender, age and waist circumference. Eur J Clin Nutr 64: 6-15.
27.
Ramji DP, Davies TS (2015): Cytokines in atherosclerosis: Key players in all stages of disease and promising therapeutic targets. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 6: 673-685.
28.
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, et al. (2003): Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112: 1796-1808.
29.
Huang Y, Chen Z, Chen B, et al. (2023): Dietary sugar consumption and health: umbrella review. BMJ 381: e071609.
30.
Kinoshita M, Yokote K, Arai H, et al. (2017): Committee for epidemiology and clinical management of atherosclerosis. Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 9: 846-984.
31.
Jenkins JA, Dehghan M, Mente A, et al. (2021): PURE Study Investigators. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease and mortality. N Engl J Med 384: 1312-1322.
32.
Ranjbaran H, Sokol SI, Gallo A, et al. (2007): An inflammatory pathway of IFN-γ production in coronary atherosclerosis. J Immunol 1: 592-604.
33.
Johnston RD, Stephenson MC, Crossland H (2013): No difference between high-fructose and high-glucosediets on liver tri-acylglycerol or biochemistry in healthy overweight men. Gastroenterology 145: 1016.e2-1025.e2.
34.
Rezvani R, Cianflone K, McGahan JP, et al. (2013): Effects of sugar-sweetened beverages on plasma acylation stimulating protein, leptin and adiponectin: relationships with metabolic outcomes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 12: 2471-2480.
35.
Cox CL, Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, et al. (2011): Circulating concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and soluble leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in overweight/obese men and women consuming fructose- or glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 12: E2034-2038.
36.
Campanati A, Molinelli E, Ganzetti G, et al. (2017): The effect of low-carbohydrates calorie-restricted diet on visceral adipose tissue and metabolic status in psoriasis patients receiving TNF-alpha inhibitors: results of an open label controlled, prospective, clinical study. J Dermatolog Treat 3: 206-212.
37.
Sofer S, Eliraz A, Kaplan S, et al. (2011): Greater weight loss and hormonal changes after 6 months diet with carbohydrates eaten mostly at dinner. Obesity (Silver Spring) 10: 2006-2014.
38.
Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Marcos A, et al. (2017): Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study. Mol Nutr Food Res 61: 10.1002/mnfr.201600707.
39.
Koebnick C, Black MH, Wu J, et al. (2018): A diet high in sug-ar-sweetened beverage and low in fruits and vegetables is associated with adiposity and a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile. Br J Nutr 11: 1230-1239.
40.
Szczuko M, Zapałowska-Chwyć M, Drozd A, et al. (2018): Changes in the IGF-1 and TNF-α synthesis pathways before and after three-month reduction diet with low glicemic index in women with PCOS. Ginekol Pol 6: 295-303.
41.
Kenđel Jovanović G, Mrakovcic-Sutic I, Pavičić Žeželj S, et al. (2020): The efficacy of an energy-restricted anti-inflammatory diet for the management of obesity in younger adults. Nutrients 12: 3583.
42.
Nor O (2020): Dietary carbohydrate quality and health: Focus on low-grade systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic risk factors. Diss Karolinska Institutet (Sweden).
43.
Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Gano A, Paniccia JE, Deak T (2015): Male adolescent rats display blunted cytokine responses in the CNS after acute ethanol or lipopolysaccharide exposure. Physiol Behav 148: 131-144.
44.
Gano A, Pautassi RM, Doremus-Fitzwater TL, Deak T (2017): Conditioned effects of ethanol on the immune system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 7: 718-730.
45.
Goral J, Choudhry MA, Kovacs EJ (2004): Acute ethanol exposure inhibits macrophage IL-6 production: role of p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK. J Leukoc Biol 3: 553-559.
46.
Nelson S, Bagby GJ, Bainton BG, Summer WR (1989): The effects of acute and chronic alcoholism on tumor necrosis factor and the inflammatory response. J Infect Dis 160: 422-429.
47.
Boe DM, Nelson S, Zhang P, Bagby GJ (2001): Acute ethanolintoxication suppresses lung chemokine production following infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 184: 1134-1142.
48.
Crews FT, Bechara R, Brown LA, et al. (2006): Cytokines and alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4: 720-730.
49.
Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Zacho M, et al. (1998): Evidence that interleukin-6 is produced in human skeletalmuscle during prolonged running. J Physiol Lond 508: 949-953.
50.
Petersen AM, Pedersen BK (2005): The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 4: 1154-1162.
51.
Fischer CP (2006) Interleukin-6 in acute exercise and training: what is the biological relevance? Exerc Immunol Rev 12: 6-33.
52.
Ostrowski K, Schjerling P, Pedersen BK (2000): Physical activity and plasma interleukin-6 in humans – effect of intensity of exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 6: 512-515,
53.
Klünder-Klündera M, Cruzb M, García-Macedob R, Flores-Huertaa S (2014): Inflammatory cytokines adiponectin, resistin, IL-6 and IFN-γ are associated with insulin resistance in eutrophic and obese children. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México (English Edition) 1: 8-14.
54.
Zhang X, Cash RE, Bower JK, et al. (2020): Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease by weight status among U.S adults. PLoS One 5: e0232893.
55.
Esposito K, Pontillo A, Palo C, et al. (2023): Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 289: 1799-1804.